Lao Zi and Confucius' Discussion of Benevolence and Righteousness

In the pre-Qin political topics,benevolence,righteousness and their relationships with each other were an important problem. Benevolence was the political principle derived from human nature; righteousness was the guiding principle established according to human nature principles; benevolence and righteousness were combined with each other,and produced ceremony,which was a visible political system. Therefore,the investigation of political system quality involves the investigation of benevolence and righteousness,and even of morality.