Thoughts on separating rights in mining management in China

In some foreign countries,mines are constituted by three basic rights: ownership of mineral property,mining concessions and the right of actual mining.Mineral properties are exclusive rights without administrative permission.While concessions and mining rights are under government's control,for which a strict licensing is indispensable.These three separating rights constitute the whole mining system.In China,the mining system of three rights are merged.Mining permission is a certificate of property,market access certificate and mining of ratification.One right and one certificate system makes mining system hard to go on.China's mining system should be constituted by separating rights,and the Mining Management Act be formulated by the core of social control.