Comparative Biomechanical Analysis of Key Elements in Stretched Salto Backward Yurchenko Vault

IntroductionArtistic gymnastics develops in accordance with the trends of performance sport, but it has its specific features, such as: increase of sports mastership, increase and rivalry of competitive programs, processing of new complex routines, sports mastership that reaches virtuosity; improvement of components that provide the training of high classification gymnasts (financial, technical - material, methodical-scientific, biologicalmethodical, psychological, informational and motivational components) (Arkaev, Suchilin, 2004, p.22).In artistic gymnastics, technical training must be very demanding, because the primacy in competitions is determined by the accuracy of movement (amplitude, expressiveness, fluidity of movement, a.s.o.). The analysis of technique highlights the following components (Dragnea, 1996; Dragnea, Mate- Teodorescu, 2002, p.281): technical element, technical procedure, style and basic mechanism of technical procedure.Learning any technical procedure is based on models established by specialists following up numerous and thorough studies of biomechanics. Video and audio devices, located in various positions to cover all trajectories of the body and their segments are highly important for the analysis of the technique. The study of technique and the determination of its rules results in increasing speed of execution, optimal coordination, identification of mistakes, etc. (Dragnea, Mate-Teodorescu, 2002, p.292).Mistakes may occur throughout the learning or improvement of gymnastics movements. In these cases, things can not be allowed to continue in this way (Vieru, 1997, p.36). Practice has shown that if the small mistakes are not removed in due time, then they have the tendency to join the technical structure and to transform themselves into a big mistake. Technical mistakes are divided into: systematic, random and typical ones (Arkaev, Suchilin, 2004, p. 243).In order to group the gymnastics elements into parts, several criteria can be used, such as pedagogical, psychological, physiological, biomechanical ones, etc. The increase of objectification level goes from the pedagogical criteria towards the biomechanical ones. That is why the biomechanical criteria are used for dividing the gymnastics elements into parts. Thus, the technical structure of gymnastics elements contains three levels - periods, stages and phases (Suchilin, 2010, p.5).Biomechanical researches in artistic gymnastics can be performed using both biomechanical methods and methods taken from other fields of knowledge (pedagogical, mechanical, physiological, psychological, medical ones, etc.), mainly intended to highlight the features of movement on various apparatus by selecting the means of recording, processing and analyzing the data obtained (Potop, 2007, p.140).The general problem in the study of movements is the assessment of forces application for achieving a high efficiency, efficiency that is given by the way to use energy (Grigore, 2001, p.63).Due to the impressive dynamics of gymnastics competition, at the present moment the number of technical elements created by the great male and female champions, who distinguished themselves during this period, increased considerably, some of them taking the coded names that reflect the biomechanical characteristics, besides the names of the athletes who executed them with unique virtuosity (Endo, Dragulescu, Zurchenko, Tsukahara, Milosevici, Comaneci, Susunova, etc.) (Nicu, 1993, p.258).In this context it is clear that each one of the modern sports is based on exercises that vary depending on the general volume of the material and on the specific structure; the problem of motor skills transfer is highlighted differently (Gaverdovkij, 2007, p.308).Numerous studies and researches are scientifically applied for understanding and classification based on the clearly defined field of biomechanical study of gymnastics movements. …