A therapeutic insight of carbohydrate and fixed oil from Plantago ovata L. seeds against ketoprofen-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats

Plantago spp. includes more than 200 species which had been used traditionally to treat many diseases including colds, hepatitis, and infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate carbohydrates and fixed oil from Plantago ovata L. (Plantaginaceae) seeds against ketoprofen-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. The aqueous extract of P . ovata seeds contain 39% (wt/wt) carbohydrate as glucose and 35% (wt/wt) as mucilage. Paper chromatographic analysis and GLC of the mucilage hydrolysate revealed the presence of six free sugars. GC/MS analysis of the saponifiable and unsaponifiable matter of the petroleum ether extract identified 15 compounds from the saponifiable matter. Linoleic acid ethyl ester was the major unsaturated fatty acid, while palmitic acid methyl ester is presented as the major saturated fatty acid. Eighteen compounds were identified from the unsaponifiable matter. 6-Phenyldodecane and 6-phenyl tridecane are presented as major compounds in the unsaponifiable matter. Five steroidal compounds, namely β-sitosterol, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, Campesterol, and 24(25)-dihydrocycloartenol, were identified and confirmed. Carbohydrates and fixed oil administered to normal control rats showed insignificant changes in the oxidative stress markers; liver and kidney function indices, liver DNA degradation pattern, and the histopathological picture of liver and kidney revealed their safety. Ketoprofen induced drastic changes in all the measured parameters. Treatments recorded variable degrees of improvement referring to silymarin as a reference herbal drug. The self-recovery process is not an efficient tool against the ketoprofen toxicity. Treatment with plant carbohydrates exhibited the most potent effect in improving the selected parameters under investigation and served as a safe agent for treatment hepatorenal toxicity in rats.