On Zhang Shun-hui's Double-Criteria for Evaluating Qing Dynasty's Science

Based on the elaboration of the double criteria which was used, by Zhang Shun hui, to evaluate the academic changes in Qing Dynasty, this thesis analyzes the intrinsic conflicts between the value of science for and that of science for truth, and the scholars' confusions of this problem from modern times on. It also remarks on the values respectively. Zhang affirmed the traits of science serving in the early and the late Qing Dynasty, but in terms of the standpoints, he inclined to accept the scholars' ideas of using learning as the interior guide to practice in the early Qing Dynasty, and disagreed on the idea of using politics as the criterion for making choices between learning, and the idea about which something is not used would be called futility, and then the idea of using learning to allude politics, and the idea of sacrificing the impersonality in the trend of thoughts of serving practice in the late Qing Dynasty. As for the learning in the time of Qianlong and Jiaqing, Zhang's attitude was contradictive, which was full of the value conflicts between the value of learning for practice and that of learning for truth.