On Three Predicaments in Mencius Policy of Benevolence

Mencius policy of benevolence takes humanity as its basis to govern the country with morality. His theory or policy with three precaments in it found it difficult to be put into practice in his time. The first predicament lies in its own loophole in his policy; the second predicament in his theory lies in the contradiction between his theory, which holds saint before emperor, and the theory of the dukes, which holds before saint; the third predicament lies in his traditional mentality of wanting to be the teacher of the emperor and the practice of having to serve as a subject of the emperor.