Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) explants

Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration were achieved in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). On modified MS medium supplemented with 0.1–0.5 mg/L ZT, embryogenic calli and somatic embryos were directly induced, with the highest percentage induction (11.42%) at 0.1 mg/L ZT. The addition of IAA resulted in decreasing the frequency of direct embryogenesis in cotyledon explants. Although 2,4-D was advantageous to the induction of cotton non-embryogenic callus, embryogenic callus could not be directly obtained on the medium with 2,4-D. Cotyledon explant directly produced embryogenic callus more easily than hypocotyl sections or root segments. Following conversion, the regenerated plants were transferred to soil and showed normal morphological characteristics.