Fundamentals of microfabrication : the science of miniaturization

LITHOGRAPHY Introduction Historical Note: Lithography's Origins Photolithography Overview Critical Dimension, Overall Resolution, Line-Width Lithographic Sensitivity and Intrinsic Resist Sensitivity (Photochemical Quantum Efficiency) Resist Profiles Contrast and Experimental Determination of Lithographic Sensitivity Resolution in Photolithography Photolithography Resolution Enhancement Technology Beyond Moore's Law Next Generation Lithographies Emerging Lithography Technologies PATTERN TRANSFER WITH DRY ETCHING TECHNIQUES Introduction Dry Etching: Definitions and Jargon Plasmas or Discharges Physical Etching: Ion Etching or Sputtering and Ion-Beam Milling Plasma Etching (Radical Etching) Physical/Chemical Etching PATTERN TRANSFER WITH ADDITIVE TECHNIQUES Introduction Silicon Growth Doping of Si Oxidation of Silicon Physical Vapor Deposition Chemical Vapor Deposition Silk-Screening or Screen-Printing Sol-Gel Deposition Technique Doctors' Blade or Tape Casting Plasma Spraying Deposition and Arraying Methods of Organic Layers in BIOMEMS Thin versus Thick Film Deposition Selection Criteria for Deposition Method WET BULK MICROMACHINING Introduction Historical Note Silicon Crystallography Silicon As Substrate Silicon As A Mechanical Element In MEMS Wet Isotropic And Anisotropic Etching Alignment Patterns Chemical Etching Models Etching With Bias And/Or Illumination Of The Semiconductor Etch-Stop Techniques Problems With Wet Bulk Micromachining SURFACE MICROMACHINING Introduction Historical Note Mechanical Properties of Thin Films Surface Micromachining Processes Poly-Si Surface Micromachining Modifications Non-Poly-Si Surface Micromachining Modifications Materials Case Studies LIGA AND MICROMOLDING Introduction LIGA-Background LIGA and LIGA-Like Process Steps A COMPARISON OF MINIATURIZATION TECHNIQUES: TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP MANUFACTURING Introduction Absolute and Relative Tolerance in Manufacturing Historical Note: Human Manufacturing Section I: Top-Down Manufacturing Methods Section II: Bottom-Up Approaches MODELING, BRAINS, PACKAGING, SAMPLE PREPARATION AND NEW MEMS MATERIALS Introduction Modeling Brains In Miniaturization Packaging Substrate Choice SCALING, ACTUATORS, AND POWER IN MINIATURIZED SYSTEMS Introduction Scaling Actuators Fluidics Scaling In Analytical Separation Equipment Other Actuators Integrated Power MINIATURIZATION APPLICATIONS Introduction Definitions and Classification Method Decision Three OVERALL MARKET For MICROMACHINES Introduction Why Use Miniaturization Technology ? From Perception to Realization Overall MEMS Market Size MEMS Market Character MEMS Based on Si Non-Silicon MEMS MEMS versus Traditional Precision Engineering The Times are a'Changing APPENDICES Metrology Techniques WWW Linkpage Etch Rate for Si, SiO2 Summary of Top-Down Miniaturization Tools Listing of names of 20 amino acids & their chemical formulas Genetic code Summary of Materials and Their Properties for Microfabrication References for Detailed Market Information on Miniature Devices MEMS Companies Update Suggested Further Reading Glossary Symbols used in Text INDEX Each chapter also contains sections of examples and problems