REASONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC TICKETING SYSTEMS AND EVIDENCE FROM IMPLEMENTED SCHEMES

This paper explains why public transport authorities are planning to implement or expand electronic ticketing schemes. Information is presented from 14 authorities in 9 European countries. It is shown that key advantages are faster boarding, reduced survey costs, better information for planning, prevention of fraud, improved image and ability to expand integrated ticketing. Reasons for implementation are closely linked to the framework within which public transport operates in each city. Those with more fragmented networks involving many private sector operators see opportunities to expand integrated ticketing and reduce survey costs. Cities with high levels of central planning seek faster boarding times, better image and information for planning of networks. Links to restructuring of fare zoning are discussed and limited evidence on the costs and benefits of the new ticketing is presented.