Mutation of the Gs Protein α Subunit NH2 Terminus Relieves an Attenuator Function, Resulting in Constitutive Adenylyl Cyclase Stimulation

G-proteins couple hormonal activation of receptors to the regulation of specific enzymes and ion channels. Gs and Gi are G-proteins which regulate the stimulation and inhibition, respectively, of adenylyl cyclase. We have constructed two chimeric cDNAs in which different lengths of the alpha subunit of Gs (alpha s) have been replaced with the corresponding sequence of the Gi alpha subunit (alpha i2). One chimera, referred to as alpha i(54)/s' replaces the NH2-terminal 61 amino acids of alpha s with the first 54 residues of alpha i. Within this sequence there are 7 residues unique to alpha s, and 16 of the remaining 54 amino acids are nonhomologous between alpha i and alpha s. The second chimera, referred to as alpha i/s(Bam), replaces the first 234 amino acids of alpha s with the corresponding 212 residues of alpha i. Transient expression of alpha i(54)/s in COS-1 cells resulted in an 18- to 20-fold increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, whereas expression of either alpha i/s(Bam) or the wild-type alpha s polypeptide resulted in only a 5- to 6-fold increase in cellular cAMP levels. COS-1 cells transfected with alpha i showed a small decrease in cAMP levels. Stable expression of the chimeric alpha i(54)/s polypeptide in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells constitutively increased both cAMP synthesis and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. CHO clones expressing transfected alpha i/s(Bam) or the wild-type alpha s and alpha i cDNAs exhibited cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activities similar to those in control CHO cells. Therefore, the alpha i(54)/s chimera behaves as a constitutively active alpha s polypeptide, whereas the alpha i/s(Bam) polypeptide is regulated similarly to wild-type alpha s. Expression in cyc-S49 cells, which lack expression of wild-type alpha s, confirmed that the alpha i(54)/s polypeptide is a highly active alpha s molecule whose robust activity is independent of any change in intrinsic GTPase activity. The difference in phenotypes observed upon expression of alpha i(54)/s or alpha i/s(Bam) indicates that the NH2-terminal moieties of alpha s and alpha i function as attenuators of the effector enzyme activator domain which is within the COOH-terminal half of the alpha subunit. Mutation at the NH2 terminus of alpha s relieves the attenuator control of the Gs protein and results in a dominant active G-protein mutant.