Restorative dentistry 4: endodontics

Abstract Endodontics is the study of the prevention and management of problems affecting the dentine, pulp, and periapical tissues. This chapter is a concise guide to the rationale behind root canal treatment, the instruments and materials available, and the modern techniques used. The chapter considers the anatomy of the root canal system including the average working lengths of pulp canals, the prevalence of lateral and accessory canals, and the location of the apical foramina. Alongside discussion of the indications and contraindications for root canal treatment, the aims and objectives of canal shaping, cleaning, and obturation are outlined. Detailed, step-by-step guidance is given for the root canal treatment procedure and common errors in canal preparation are highlighted. Management options are presented for some endodontic problems such as an acute periapical abscess and long-term possibilities for a definitive restoration are offered.