In search of efficient catalysts and appropriate reaction conditions for gas phase nitration of benzene

The present paper is dedicated to the development of a method for the nitrobenzene production using solid acid catalysts, as an alternative to industrial nitration, based on a mixture of concentrated acids. The influence of key parameters of the nitration process (temperature, reagent flow rate, nitrating agent concentration etc.) on the conversion of the initial substrate, the degree of decomposition of nitric acid and the quantity of resulting oxygenates was studied. Recommendations for the selection of effective catalytic systems (high content of Brønsted acid sites with H o < −4, high specific surface and resistance to HNO 3 ) were developed and the best conditions for process reactions (temperature 200 °C, aqueous solution of nitric acid with concentration of 30 wt%, “nitric acid:benzene” ratio = 0.76) were found. A method for regeneration of the catalytic activity without unloading the catalyst was proposed. As an example, MoO 3 /SiO 2 sample was tested in a dual-mode nitration/regeneration process, which allowed us to increase the flow rates of reagents and obtain catalyst efficiency of up to STY = 4.09 g/(g cat ⋅ h). Several of the most promising catalysts (MoO 3 /SiO 2 , WO 3 /ZrO 2 and Nafion/support composite) for the process were tested in identical conditions.