Numerical simulation of bubble formation and rise from submerged orifices in viscous liquid

An improved level set method coupled with the Navier-Stokes equation,and ALE(Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) algorithm are incorporated to simulate the 3-D bubble formation and rise through orifice immersed in a quiescent viscous liquid under constant gas flow condition.The simulation results on the bubble behavior are qualitatively in good agreement with experimental observations in the literature.The numerical examination shows that the volume conservation is significantly improved with the improved Level Set method.The simulated results indicate that the behavior of bubble formation from single orifice is observably different in two different viscous liquids.The bubble rises rectilinearly in the Paratherm heat-transfer fluid while rising in a zigzag path in water.The bubble formation is nonsynchronous at multiple orifices.And the bubble sizes and bubble distribution are not uniform in a multi-orifice system because bubbles coalesce and break up more frequently due to bubble and bubble wake interaction.