The Division of the Abroad Students Groups and the Exploration of the Path of Saving the Nation in the Late Qing and Early Republic of China

In the late Qing and early Republic of China,abroad students pursued different political directions to explore the path of saving the nation.In general,they experienced the following stages: the limited loyalty to Qing dynasty during the period of Westernization Movement,the divided opinion between constitutionalism and revolution,and the desertation of Qing dynasty after the breaking up of the Revolution of 1911.After the establishment of the Republic of China,in the complicated domestic environment, returned students strived to maintain and extend the fruits of revolution according to the changing of reality and their different resources.After Yuan Shikai's restoration of mornarchy,most of the returned students insisted in Republics and put an end to Yuan Shikai's regime.In the process of modernizing the politics of the Early Republic of China,the abroad students made different efforts.Some of them devoted to the construction of economy,saving the country by engaging in industry,some of them dedicated themselves to education,pushing forward the reform of educational system,some others contemplated the problems of the origin of the Chinese culture and the national character of China to anticipate the New Culture Movement(around the time of May 4th Movememt of 1919).