Synchronic and Diachronic Comparisons of the Tonal System of Tunbu Dialect

The synchronic comparison and diachronic studies of Tunbu dialect and the dialect in its surrounding area indicate that Tunbu dialect has its unique tonal characteristics.This is mainly represented by the tone value and the classification of Ru tone.The value of Yinping tone in Tunbu dialect is middle-level 33,which is the phonetic substratum of Han immigrants in Ming Dynasty;while in its surrounding dialects,it is high-level 55 due to the reduplication of Han immigrants in Qing Dynasty;The minor high-level tone 44 is the transitional state of middle-level tone under the influence of high-level tone.As for the classification of Ru tone,in Tunbu dialect the phenomenon of classifying vioced-initial Ru tone as Yangping tone is the result of filling the vacancy of non-abrupt tone and this is highly consistent with the surrounding dialects.In Tunbu dialect,both minor voiced-initial and unvoiced-initial Ru tone are classified as Yinping tone,which is the phonetic substratum of Han immigrants and their descent in Ming.Meanwhile,in the surrounding dialects and southeast mandarin,they are classified as Yangping tone as a result of the reduplication of immigrants in Qing.