Stiffness calculation of coil spring used in locomotive and rolling stock

In the paper,by using finite element method,the coil spring stiffness was calculated accurately.The results shown that,by the action of lateral load,spring top was moved,this caused vertical load action position to change correspondingly;under the influence of notches at both ends,spring loaed condition was changed,spring vertical stiffness considerably varied as load,and spring lateral stiffness was related to the direction of applied lateral load.