Analysis and calculation of jacking forces in pipe-jacking

The article analyzes the constitution and the affected factors of jacking forces. The calculation formulas for jacking forces are presented in theory, and the experience formulas, which take account of grouting for reducing the friction force, are showed in this paper. Meanwhile, it points out the key points that should be paid attention to when calculating jacking forces. By analyzing an engineering case, the reasonableness and the adaptability of calculation formulas were verified.