On the Non-party Thoughts during the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Period of the Republic of China

The non-party thoughts of the Chinese people in the periods of the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China were expressed in the following ways.Before the 1911 Revolution,the revolutionaries condemned parties.In the early years of the Republic of China,the Northern Warlords hated parties.The political and cultural conservatives were always attacking parties from the moral and institutional perspectives.The people at large held a skeptical attitude towards the party and resisted parties in the general election of the early Republic.The old constitutional monarchists in the movements of protecting the state and upholding the constitution advocated the no party doctrine.The anarchists and radical democrats regarded political parties to be one of the causes for the chaotic situation of China and denounced it.The attitude of these political and social groups towards political parties shows their values at the times of rapid transformation of political ecological forms.