On the Success and Failure of Opium-banning in Heilongjiang Province in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China

After the Opium Wars,opium spread to Heilongjiang province.Although it spread to Heilongjiang province later than to coastal regions and central plain of China,it did more harm in Heilongjiang province than in coastal and inland regions.The spread of opium,which was really one of the most serious hidden dangers of border defense in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,not only caused poppy to occupy more farmlands where crops should have been planted and weakened border inhabitants,but also undermined fighting power of military forces in borders a lot,transformed unsophisticated folkway and folklore into sophisticated ones.Therefore,the issue of drug ban in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China in Heilongjiang province was a big issue related to border security.There is no doubt that the analysis and summarization of its success and failure will provide experiences which posterity can learn from.