Confusion over different types of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Abstract There are two kinds of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) is the parent n‐3 PUFA; it cannot be synthesized by the human body and as a result is an essential fatty acid. The two long chain n‐3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can in principle be synthesized from ALA or obtained from the diet. While the cardioprotective effects of long chain n‐3 PUFA are well established the effects of ALA on the cardiovascular system are more controversial. The Lyon Diet Heart Study which it is claimed provides evidence for beneficial effects of ALA on the cardiovascular system is flawed. The argument that ALA conversion into EPA and DHA provides significant quantities of the two long chain n‐3 PUFA is unsustainable as rates of conversion are too low. To avoid confusion a distinction needs to be drawn between ALA and the long chain n‐3 PUFA. Health claims for foods rich in EPA and DHA cannot be extended to foods rich in ALA nor is ALA a substitute for EPA and DHA in vegetarian diets.