Mechanism of xanthophyll-cycle-mediated photoprotection in Cerasus humilis seedlings under water stress and subsequent recovery

Periodic drought fluctuation is a common phenomenon in Northwest China. We analyzed the response of Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis) seedlings, a dwarf shrub species with considerably strong adaptabilities, exposed to water stress (WS) by withholding water for 21 d, and subsequent recovery of 7 d. Leaf relative water content (LRWC), net photosynthetic rate (P N), maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) decreased with increasing water deficit. In contrast, the nonphotochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence (NPQ) significantly increased, as well as the amounts of violaxanthin (V) + antheraxanthin (A) + zeaxanthin (Z). In the whole levels, the photosynthetic pigment composition did not display significant changes in WS seedlings. However, the de-epoxidation state of xanthophyll cycle pigments [(Z+0.5A)/VAZ ] generally exhibited higher values in WS seedlings. The significant inhibition of de-epoxidation by dithiothreitol (DTT) and negligible changes of epoxidation of Z by glucosamine (Gla) were both observed; the slight but stably upregulated transcript level of violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and downregulated zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) expression profile were found during WS period, indicating that they were regulated on post-transcript levels. VDE activity, via the accumulation of Z and A, which confers a greater capacity of photoprotection, appears to contribute to the survival of severely stressed plants.