Ontogenetic changes in the diet of the coral reef grouper Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae):patterns in taxa, size and habitat of prey

Stomach contents and diet of a wide range of sizes (4.7 to 57.3 cm standard length [SL]) of the predatory coral trout Plectropomusleopardus (Fam Serranidae) collected mostly from the northern Great Barner Reef dunng the summers of 1991 and 1992 were examined.Overall, 422 prey In 28 families of fishes were Identified of which 3 families, Clupeidae, Pomacentridae and Labridae, represented more than 60% of the diet.Average daily consumption of prey in P leopardus was 2.8% of relative body weight and flsh of 20 to 49.9 mm SL were eaten by all slze classes.Juvenile (up to 20 cm SL) and adult P. leopardus have distinct diets.The major dietary shift in the type, species composition, length and shape of prey occurs at approximately 20 cm SL, just prior to the onset of maturity Juveniles consumed a high proportion of benthic dwelling crustaceans, mostly penaeid shrimps, whereas adults were almost entirely piscivorous.The number of families of fishes in the diet did not increase with the size of predator as some families were eaten exclusively by juveniles or adults.Abundances of fish families in the diet varied ontogenetically and among size classes in small adults.Predation was related to size of prey in juvenile and small adults.Up to 35 cm SL, the range of prey sizes widened with increases in predator length, as larger fish ate larger prey, concomitantly feeding on small fishes, especially schooling species.However, the composition of the diet and length of fish prey did not change in P. leopardus after 35 cm SL and prey did not deepen after 45 cm SL.Body depth of prey was more important than length in s~ze-related feeding on 2 common fam~lies of fishes with different shapes.In general, larger P leopardus appeared to feed optlmally on deep-bodied fikh, whereas juveniles avoided gape limitation by consuming more slender fish.All size-related predation in P. leopardus, however, was eas~ly decoupled by the presence of highly abundant small fishes in large visible schools.