Emphysema in Silicosis: A Comparison of Smokers with Nonsmokers Using Pulmonary Function Testing and Computed Tomography

The presence of emphysema in silicosis is believed to be secondary to the development of progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). However, it is difficult to separate out other causative factors, particularly cigarette smoking. In order to attempt to distinguish these factors, we examined 30 patients with silicosis by means of pulmonary function testing and computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest. Eighteen of these patients were either exsmokers or current smokers, and 12 of them were nonsmokers. The CT scans were read independently by two observers on two separate occasions. Silicosis was graded on a 5-point scale from 0 to 4; emphysema was graded as a percentage of lung involved. Percent emphysema was associated with level of pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, and DLCO) independent of its association with either cigarette smoking or silicosis grade (p less than 0.01). Silicosis grade was associated with DLCO (p less than 0.05) independent of its association with either cigarette smoking or percent emphysema, but was not associated with level of FEV1 or FVC. In the group without PMF (silicosis Grade 0, 1, or 2), smokers had worse emphysema than nonsmokers (p less than 0.01); there was no such difference among the patients with PMF (silicosis Grade 3 or 4). Only one of the nonsmoking subjects with silicosis but without PMF had any emphysema detected on CT. Our data suggest that silicosis, in the absence of PMF, does not cause significant emphysema, and that it is primarily the degree of emphysema rather than the degree of silicosis that determines the level of pulmonary function.