Late Archaean structure and gold mineralization in the Kadoma region of the Midlands greenstone belt, Zimbabwe

Abstract Major Archaean greenstone gold deposits are located in distinctive structural settings, and Zimbabwe is a good example with over 90% of its gold production being derived from structurally controlled veisns, shear zones and probably epigenetic replacement BIF hosted deposits. The structural framework of the Zimbabwe craton is dominated by the evolution of the c. 2700 Ma Limpopo belt. Strongly developed, major shear zones were initiated at this time. These major shear zones focused strain, which in the Midlands greenstone belt, evolved from pure N-S compression, to lateral extrusion of the main Rhodesdale gneiss block westwards. The structural features seen in the gold deposits of the Midlands greenstone belt are consistent with such a model of NNW-SSE compression linked to lateral extrusion of the Rhodesdale gneiss block westwards. Initiation of structures during NNW-SSE compression resulted in early folding such as the Kadoma anticline, together with initiation of the major mineralized shear systems as thrust faults. Simple shear evolved to transpressive shear with development of oblique dextral and sinistral mineralized shear systems. Rotation of the principal stress direction clockwise to an ENE-WSW orientation led to evolution of dominantly dextral transpressive shear on the major Lily, Munyati and Rhodesdale boundary shear systems, probably in response to the lateral extrusion of the Rhodesdale gneiss block westwards. This even is linked to waning gold mineralization and accounts for the major dextral offsets along the Lily fault and the Munyati shear close to Battlefields.