Offshore pipeline design. Part 2. Critical laying operation calls for complete analysis

Installation of submarine pipelines requires the same design skills required to select pipe size and wall thickness, advises Shell International Petroleum Maatschappij B.V. Dynamic effects of tension and currents between the lay barge must be fully understood and adequately matched with the proper steel requirements. Graphics prove to be very helpful in determining tension requirements and sag-curvature capabilities in early planning of offshore pipelines.