Smoke, Dust, and Haze: Fundamentals of Aerosol Dynamics

1. AEROSOL CHARACTERIZATION Parameters Determining Aerosol Behavior Particle Size Particle Concentration Size Distribution Function Moments of the Distribution Function Examples of Size Distribution Functions Chemical Composition Aerosol Dynamics: Relation to Characterization 2. PARTICLE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Equation of Diffusion Coefficient of Diffusion Friction Coefficient Agglomerate Diffusion Coefficients Path Length of a Brownian Particle Migration in an External Force Field Electrical Migration Thermophoresis London-van der Waals Forces Boundary Condition for Particle Diffusion 3. CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION: EFFECTS OF FINITE PARTICLE DIAMETER AND EXTERNAL FORCE FIELDS Equation of Convective Diffusion Similitude Considerations for Aerosol Diffusion Concentration Boundary Layer Diffusion to Cylinders at Low Reynolds Numbers: Concentration Boundary Layer Equation Diffusion at Low Reynolds Numbers: Similitude Law for Particles of Finite Diameter Low Re Deposition: Comparison of Theory with Experiment Single Element Particle Capture by Diffusion and Interception at High Reynolds Numbers High Re Deposition: Application to Deposition on Rough Surfaces Diffusion from a Laminar Pipe Flow Diffusion from a Turbulent Pipe Flow Particle Deposition from Rising Bubbles Convective Diffusion in an External Force Field: Electrical Precipitation Thermophoresis: Dust Free 4. INERTIAL TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION Particle-Surface Interactions: Low Speeds Particle-Surface Interactions: Rebound Particle Acceleration at Low Reynolds Numbers: Stop Distance Similitude Law for Impaction: Stokesian Particles Impaction of Stokesian Particles on Cylinders and Spheres Impaction of Non-Stokesian Particles Deposition from a Rotating Flow: Cyclone Separator Particle Eddy Diffusion Coefficient Turbulent Deposition Aerodynamic Focusing: Aerosol Beams Transition from the Diffusion to Inertial Ranges 5. LIGHT SCATTERING Scattering by Single Particles: General Considerations Scattering by Particles Small Compared to the Wavelength Scattering by Large Particles: The Extinction Paradox Scattering in the Intermediate Size Range: Mie Theory Scattering by Aerosol Clouds Scattering over the Visible Wavelength Range: Aerosol Contributions by Volume Rayleigh Scattering: Self-Similar Size Distributions Mie Scattering: Power Law Distributions Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering Specific Intensity: Equation of Radiative Transfer Equation of Radiative Transfer: Formal Solution Light Transmission Through the Atmosphere: Visibility Inelastic Scattering: Raman Effect 6. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Sampling Microscopy Mass Concentration: Filtration Total Number Concentration: Condensation Particle Counter Total Light Scattering and Extinction Coefficients Size Distribution Function Mass and Chemical Species Distribution: The Cascade Impactor Aerosol Chemical Analysis Summary Classification of Measurment Instruments Monodisperse Aerosol Generators 7. COLLISION AND COAGULATION: COALESCING PARTICLES Introduction Collision Frequency Function Brownian Coagulation Brownian Coagulation: Dynamics of Discrete Distribution for an Intially Monodisperse Aerosol Brownian Coagulation: Effect of Particle Force Fields Effect of van der Waals Forces Effect of Coulomb Forces Collision Frequency for Laminar Shear Simultaneous Laminar Shear and Brownian Motion Turbulent Coagulation Equation of Coagulation: Continuous Distribution Function Similarity Solution: Coagulation in the Continuum Regime Similarity Solution for Brownian Coagulation Similarity Solution: Coagulation in the Free Molecule Region Time to Reach the Self-Preserving Distribution (SPD) 8. DYNAMICS OF AGGLOMERATE FORMATION AND RESTRUCTURING Agglomerate Morphology: Scaling Laws Computer Simulation of Agglomerate Formation Langevin Simulations of Agglomeration Smoluchowski Equation: Collision Kernals for Power Law Aggregates Self-Preserving Agglomerate Size Distributions Effect of Primary Particle Size on Agglomerate Growth Effect of Df on Agglomearte Growth Agglomerate Restructuring 9. THERMODYNAMICS PROPERTIES The Vapor Pressure Curve and the Supersaturated State Effects of Solutes on Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure of a Small Particle Hygroscopic Particle-Vapor Equilibrium Charged Particle-Vapor Equilibria Solid Particle-Vapor Equilibrium Effect of Particle Size on the Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction Molecular Clusters 10. GAS-TO-PARTICLE CONVERSION Condensation by Adiabatic Expansion: The Experiments of C.T.R. Wilson Kinetics of Homogeneous Nucleation Experimental Test of Nucleation Theory Heterogeneous Condensation Growth Laws Dynamics of Growth: Continuity Relation in v Space Measurement of Growth Rates: Homogeneous Gas-Phase Reactions Simultaneous Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Condensation Effects of Turbulence on Homogeneous Nucleation 11. THE GENERAL DYNAMIC EQUATION FOR THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION General Dynamic Equation for the Discrete Distribution Function Coagulation and Nucleation as Limiting Processes in Gas-to-Particle Conversion General Dynamic Equation for the Continuous Distribution Function The Dynamic Equation for the Number Concentration N The Dynamic Equation for the Volume Fraction Simultaneous Coagulation and Diffusional Growth: Similarity Solution for Continuum Regime Simultaneous Coagulation and Growth: Experimental Results The GDE for Turbulent Flow The GDE for Turbulent Stack Plumes Coagulation and Stirred Settling Coagulation and Deposition by Convective Diffusion Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor 12. SYNTHESIS OF SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLES: AEROSOL REACTORS Aerosol Reactors: Commercial and Pilot Scale The Collision-Coalescence Mechanism of Primary Particle Formation Extension of the Smouluchowski Equation to Colliding, Coalescing Particles Rate Equation for Particle Coalescence Solid-State Diffusion Coefficient Estimation of Average Primary Particle Size: Method of Characteristic Times Primary Particle Size: Effects of Aerosol Material Properties Particle Neck Formation Particle Crystal Structure 13. ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL DYNAMICS Atmospheric Aerosol Size Distribution Aerosol Dynamics in Power Plant Plumes Chemical Composition of Urban Aerosols Distributions of Chemical Species with Particle Size Morphological Characteristics of the Submicron Aerosol Common Measures of Air Quality for Particulate Matter: Federal Standards Receptor Modeling: Source Apportionment Statistical Variations of Ambient Aerosol Chemical Components EACH CHAPTER ENDS WITH PROBLEMS AND REFERENCES Common Symbols Index