Phylogenetic analysis of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and its relatives based on morphological and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers.

Mangosteen and its relatives within the genus Garcinia L. belong to the family Guttiferae that contains about 35 genera and up to 800 species. Guttiferae diversity is found across the Indonesian archipelago. In order to elucidate the genetic diversity of mangosteen and its relatives, morphological and molecular analyses were conducted. The objectives for this study were: (1) to determine the relationships between mangosteen and its relatives; and (2) to confirm the true diversity of allotetraploid mangosteen relatives G. mangostana. Analysis was conducted using morphological and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) between 19 accessions of G. mangostana and their close relatives revealed. Diversity analysis was based on 212 polymorphic characters and 3 groups were formed. Group A consisted of Garcinia mangostana, Garcinia malaccensis, Garcinia celebica, Garcinia hombroniana and Garcinia porrecta; group B comprised Garcinia forbesii and Garcinia subellptica; and group C solely with Calophyllum inophyllum... The genetic similarity of Garcinia mangostana, Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia celebica were 0.78 and 0.63. The epidermis cell observations around stomata cells on the lower surface of leaves revealed that Garcinia mangostana has the intermediate shape between Garcinia celebica and Garcinia malaccensis. It shows that there is a close relationship among Garcinia celebica, Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia mangostana. It was determined that Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia celebica were ancestors based on morphological and ISSR markers. .