Towards Understanding How the Genetic Code is Intertwined with Aminoacyl-Trna Synthetases

It has been unclear what principle governs the selection of the 20 canonical amino acids in the genetic code. Based on a previous study of the 28-gonal and rotational symmetric arrangement of the 20 amino acids in the genetic code, new analyses of the organization of the genetic code system together with their relation to the two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are reported in this work. A closer inspection revealed how the enzymes and the 20 amino acids of the genetic code are intertwined on a polyhedron model. Complimentarily and cooperative symmetry between class I and class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases displayed by a 28-gon model are discussed, and we found that the two previously suggested evolutionary axes of the genetic code overlap the three two-fold symmetry axes within the two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Moreover, it is identified that the amino-acid side-chain carbon-atom numbers (1, 3, 4 and 7) in the overwhelming majority of the amino acids recognized by each of the two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases meet a mathematical relationship, the Lucas series.