Nutrient cycling in forests of the Pacific Northwest

Ecosystem analysis has established nutrient cycling as an important area of ecology involving biological, chemical, and geological interactions. Studying the flow of elements through ecosystems provides us with a tool for understanding the functioning of ecosystems. For example, if an ecosystem component has a rapid flux of elements through it, or if it stores large amounts of an element, that component is clearly important in ecosystem function. Nutrient cycling strongly influences ecosystem productivity since nutrient flows are closely linked with transfers of carbon and water. In addition nutrient cycling may also affect succession and evolution in forest ecosystems. Various distinct processes are involved in nutrient cycling, such as decomposition, weathering, uptake, leaching, and so on. Each is a precursor to another and the flow of nutrients follows a set of interconnected steps. Although the basic nutrient cycling processes are common to all ecosystems, the rates of the processes vary from one forest ecosystem to another. This variation plays an important role in forest succession and evolution. For example, long-term foliage retention by conifers may allow a species to exist where only a marginal nutrient supply is available from the soil. Nitrogen-fixing species, on the other hand, can occupy sites where nitrogen availability is low because they can provide their own nitrogen. An understanding of nutrient cycling is thus essential for the rational management of forest ecosystems. Nitrogen is recognized as the most limiting element for forest growth in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) ecosystems (Gessel and Walker 1956; Gessel et al. 1969). For this reason this chapter focuses largely on nitrogen cycling. Cycling of other elements such as potassium and calcium are compared with that of nitrogen, where contrasting behavior may provide insight into nutrient-cycling processes. The objectives of this chapter are to (1) briefly describe the important nutrient cycling processes; (2) contrast nutrient cycles in different forest eco-