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2024•Astronomy and AstrophysicsOpen access

A detailed study of the very high-energy Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1

K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, Arnau Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, Nuria Álvarez Crespo, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet Engels, Cornelia Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, P. Aubert, Ali Baktash, Aya Bamba, Andrés Baquero, L. Baroncelli, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batkovi'c, J. Baxter, J. Becerra Gonzáilez, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete Medrano, Alessio Berti, Pooja Bhattacharjee, C. Bigongiari, E. Bissaldi, O. Blanch, G. Bonnoli, P. Bordas, Giorgio Brunelli, A. Bulgarelli, Irene Burelli, L. Burmistrov, M. Buscemi, Martina Cardillo, Sami Caroff, A. Carosi, Marie-Sophie Carrasco, F. Cassol, N. Castrejón, D. Cauz, Davide Cerasole, G. Ceribella, Yating Chai, Katherine Cheng, A. Chiavassa, M. Chikawa, G. Chon, L. Chytka, Gloria Maria Cicciari, A. Cifuentes, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, H. Costantini, P. Da Vela, M. Dalchenko, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, Mathieu de Bony de Lavergne, B. De Lotto, Raniere de Menezes, L. del Peral, C. Delgado, J. Delgado, D. della Volpe, Michael Dellaiera, Ambra Di Piano, F. Di Pierro, R. Di Tria, L. Di Venere, Carlos Díaz, Rune Michael Dominik, D. Dominis Prester, Alice Donini, D. Dorner, M. Doro, Laura Eisenberger, Dominik Elsässer, Gabriel Emery, Juan Escudero, V. Fallah Ramazanı, F. Ferrarotto, A. Fiaßon, L. Foffano, Lluís Freixas Coromina, Stefan Fröse, Y. Fukazawa, Rafaela García López, C. Gasbarra, D Gasparrini, Lola Gavira, David Geyer, J. Giesbrecht Paiva, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, Paweł Gliwny, N. Godinović, R. Grau, D Green, James Green, S. Gunji, Patrick Günther, Jonas Hackfeld, D. Hadasch, A. Hahn, T. Hassan, K. Hayashi, Lea Heckmann, Matthieu Heller, J. Herrera Llorente, Kouichi Hirotani, D. Hoffmann, D. Horns, J. Houles, Miroslav Hrabovský, Dario Hrupec, D. Hui, M. Iarlori, Ryo Imazawa, Tomohiro Inada, Yusuke Inome, K. Ioka, M. Iori, Irene Jiménez Martínez, J. Jiménez Quiles, Jakub Jurýšek, M. Kagaya, V. Karas, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, D. Kerszberg, Yukiyasu Kobayashi, Kazunori Kohri, A. K. H. Kong, Hiromi Kubo, J. Kushida, Miguel J. A. Láinez, G. Lamanna, A. Lamastra, L. Lemoigne, M. Linhoff, F. Longo, R. López-Coto, Marcos López, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, A. Lorini, J. J. Lozano Bahilo, Pedro L. Luque‐Escamilla, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, Dušan Mandát, M. Manganaro, Giulio Manicò, K. Mannheim, Stefano Marchesi, M. Mariotti, Patricia Márquez, G. Marsella, J. Martí, O. Martı́nez, G. Martı́nez, M. Martínez, Alvaro Mas-Aguilar, G. Maurin, D. Mazin, E. Mestre Guillen, S. Mičanović, Davide Miceli, Tjark Miener, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, T. Mizuno, M. Molero Gonzalez, E. Molina, T. Montaruli, A. Moralejo, Daniel Morcuende, A. Morselli, Víctor Moya, H. Muraishi, Shigehiro Nagataki, Takeshi Nakamori, A. Neronov, Lukas Nickel, M. Nievas Rosillo, L. Nikolić, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, Dalibor Nosek, Vladimír Novotný, S. Nozaki, M. Ohishi, Y. Ohtani, Tomohiko Oka, A. Okumura, R. Orito, Jorge Otero-Santos, P. Ottanelli, E. Owen, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, F. R. Pantaleo, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, M. Pech, Mario Pecimotika, M. Peresano, Felix Pfeiffle, E. Pietropaolo, Marine Pihet, G. Pirola, C. Plard, F. Podobnik, Estelle Pons, E. Prandini, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, M. Prouza, R. Rando, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, Chiara Righi, V. Rizi, Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez, M. D. Rodríguez-Friás, T. Saito, S. Sakurai, D. A. Sánchez, Hirohito Sano, T. Šarić, Y. Sato, Francesco Gabriele Saturni, V. Savchenko, F. Schiavone, Bernd Schleicher, Felix Schmuckermaier, J.L. Schubert, F. Schüßler, T. Schweizer, M. Seglar-Arroyo, Thomas Siegert, R Silvia, J. Sitarek, Vitalii Sliusar, Jelena Strišković, M. Strzys, Y. Suda, H. Tajima, H. Takahashi, Mitsunari Takahashi, J. Takata, Ryuji Takeishi, P. H. T. Tam, S.J Tanaka, Dai Tateishi, T. Tavernier, P. Temnikov, Y. Terada, K. Terauchi, T. Terzić, M. Teshima, M. Tluczykont, Fuyuki Tokanai, D. F. Torres, P. Trávnı́ček, Stefano Truzzi, Antonio Tutone, Martin Vacula, P. Vallania, Juliane van Scherpenberg, M. Vázquez Acosta, G. Verna, Ilaria Viale, Alessandro Vigliano, C. Vigorito, Elisa Visentin, V. Vitale, V. Voitsekhovskyi, Georgios Gerasimos Voutsinas, I. Vovk, Thomas Vuillaume, R. Walter, Lihong Wan, Martin Will, T. Yamamoto, Ryo Yamazaki, Paul K. H. Yeung, T. Yoshida, T. Yoshikoshi, Wenda Zhang, Natalia Żywucka

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Abstract

Context. To date, three pulsars have been firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs). Two of them reached the TeV energy range, challenging models of very high-energy (VHE) emission in pulsars. More precise observations are needed to better characterize pulsar emission at these energies. The LST-1 is the prototype of the large-sized telescopes, which will be part of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). Its improved performance over previous IACTs makes it well suited for studying pulsars. Aims. In this work we study the Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1, improving upon and complementing the results from other telescopes. Crab pulsar observations can also be used to characterize the potential of the LST-1 to study other pulsars and detect new ones. Methods. We analyzed a total of ∼103 hours of gamma-ray observations of the Crab pulsar conducted with the LST-1 in the period from September 2020 to January 2023. The observations were carried out at zenith angles of less than 50 degrees. To characterize the Crab pulsar emission over a broader energy range, a new analysis of the Fermi /LAT data, including ∼14 years of observations, was also performed. Results. The Crab pulsar phaseogram, long-term light curve, and phase-resolved spectra are reconstructed with the LST-1 from 20 GeV to 450 GeV for the first peak and up to 700 GeV for the second peak The pulsed emission is detected with a significance level of 15.2 σ . The two characteristic emission peaks of the Crab pulsar are clearly detected (> 10 σ ), as is the so-called bridge emission between them (5.7 σ ). We find that both peaks are described well by power laws, with spectral indices of ∼3.44 and ∼3.03, respectively. The joint analysis of Fermi /LAT and LST-1 data shows a good agreement between the two instruments in their overlapping energy range. The detailed results obtained from the first observations of the Crab pulsar with the LST-1 show the potential that CTAO will have to study this type of source.

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Context. To date, three pulsars have been firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs). Two of them reached the TeV energy range, challenging models of very high-energy (VHE) emission in pulsars. More precise observations are needed to better characterize pulsar emission at these energies. The LST-1 is the prototype of the large-sized telescopes, which will be part of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). Its improved performance over previous IACTs makes it well suited for studying pulsars. Aims. In this work we study the Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1, improving upon and complementing the results from other telescopes. Crab pulsar observations can also be used to characterize the potential of the LST-1 to study other pulsars and detect new ones. Methods. We analyzed a total of ∼103 hours of gamma-ray observations of the Crab pulsar conducted with the LST-1 in the period from September 2020 to January 2023. The observations were carried out at zenith angles of less than 50 degrees. To characterize the Crab pulsar emission over a broader energy range, a new analysis of the Fermi /LAT data, including ∼14 years of observations, was also performed. Results. The Crab pulsar phaseogram, long-term light curve, and phase-resolved spectra are reconstructed with the LST-1 from 20 GeV to 450 GeV for the first peak and up to 700 GeV for the second peak The pulsed emission is detected with a significance level of 15.2 σ . The two characteristic emission peaks of the Crab pulsar are clearly detected (> 10 σ ), as is the so-called bridge emission between them (5.7 σ ). We find that both peaks are described well by power laws, with spectral indices of ∼3.44 and ∼3.03, respectively. The joint analysis of Fermi /LAT and LST-1 data shows a good agreement between the two instruments in their overlapping energy range. The detailed results obtained from the first observations of the Crab pulsar with the LST-1 show the potential that CTAO will have to study this type of source.

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Available abstract

Context. To date, three pulsars have been firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs). Two of them reached the TeV energy range, challenging models of very high-energy (VHE) emission in pulsars. More precise observations are needed to better characterize pulsar emission at these energies. The LST-1 is the prototype of the large-sized telescopes, which will be part of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). Its improved performance over previous IACTs makes it well suited for studying pulsars. Aims. In this work we study the Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1, improving upon and complementing the results from other telescopes. Crab pulsar observations can also be used to characterize the potential of the LST-1 to study other pulsars and detect new ones. Methods. We analyzed a total of ∼103 hours of gamma-ray observations of the Crab pulsar conducted with the LST-1 in the period from September 2020 to January 2023. The observations were carried out at zenith angles of less than 50 degrees. To characterize the Crab pulsar emission over a broader energy range, a new analysis of the Fermi /LAT data, including ∼14 years of observations, was also performed. Results. The Crab pulsar phaseogram, long-term light curve, and phase-resolved spectra are reconstructed with the LST-1 from 20 GeV to 450 GeV for the first peak and up to 700 GeV for the second peak The pulsed emission is detected with a significance level of 15.2 σ . The two characteristic emission peaks of the Crab pulsar are clearly detected (> 10 σ ), as is the so-called bridge emission between them (5.7 σ ). We find that both peaks are described well by power laws, with spectral indices of ∼3.44 and ∼3.03, respectively. The joint analysis of Fermi /LAT and LST-1 data shows a good agreement between the two instruments in their overlapping energy range. The detailed results obtained from the first observations of the Crab pulsar with the LST-1 show the potential that CTAO will have to study this type of source.

Key concepts: Pulsar, Physics, Crab Pulsar, Astrophysics, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Cherenkov radiation, Astronomy, Observatory

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