Loss

Abstract This chapter focuses on behavioral risk preference as formulated by prospect theory. The prospect theory utility function is based on changes in wealth (rather than levels). Another key innovation is its incorporation of loss aversion, which means that the pain of a loss is more impactful than the pleasure of a gain of the same magnitude. Additional needed refinements are decision weights based on transformed probabilities, the calculation of the utility of a prospect, integration vs. segregation, and rank-dependent utility. Determinants of risk preference coming from psychological tendencies are also described, with one notable finding being that affect-rich environments lead to greater departures from expected utility theory.