Radar over-the-horizon observations for studying atmospheric ducting in a marine environment

Atmospheric ducting, a form of anomalous signal propagation, can cause a radar to detect over its standard horizon. We used the Utö coastal radar over-the-horizon observations together with marine and meteorological observations to study ducting over the Archipelago Sea of the Baltic Sea. We found that ducting is spatially variable over the Archipelago Sea and over-the-horizon observations can support the point-sourced meteorological measurements in identifying areas affected by ducting in real-time.