X link color blind: A systematic review of congenital color vision deficiency cognitively and neurologically

Color vision deficiency (CVD) can affect people’s perception and limits what job they takes. In order to distinguish colors, different cones differ in spectral sensitivity to capture photons. Several genes (OPN1LW, OPN1MW, ATF6, CNGA3, CNGB3, GNAT2, PDE6H, and PDE6C) are responsible for color vision deficiency. Mutation in these genes can cause deficiency in cones, which will result in reduction in color vision sensitivity. Gene therapy that target these genes showed prominent results in augmenting color vision, yet such methods remain in development and not widely used as treatment. CIE diagram shows the gamut difference in color vision deficiency individuals, and predicts how would the world looks to them. According to reduction theory, the CVD patient would be biased toward the color based on their intact gamut. Compensation glasses showed improved performance in Ishihara’s test, however, other measuring method was not used, furthermore, it is effectiveness on other types of color blind remain unknown. Due to the effective recovery of gene therapy and compensation glasses, further study on such methods is recommended for better recovery in CVD patients.