Application of the limit design state to hull-girder ultimate strength evaluations on the ship-shaped structures

This paper evaluates limit state design in ship-shaped steel structures. Limit state design is divided into four categories, namely serviceability limit state (SLS), ultimate limit state (ULS), fatigue limit state (FLS), and accidental limit state (ALS). The four categories represent the conditions that can occur throughout the design's service lifetime. ULS will be described in more detail using a ship-shaped structure as the basis for discussion. ULS represents a structural failure both in whole and in part that can decrease the strength of the structure. Determination of ULS values in ship-shaped structures is carried out by comparing total loads with the ultimate limit state. There are various methods to determine the ultimate strength of a ship-shaped structure, one of which is to use the Smith's method. This method considers the ultimate strength of the ship-shaped structure by first reducing the overall structure to a hull girder. The hull girders are further categorized into stiffener, stiffened plate, or hard corner elements. Each of these categories is then taken into account separately before being reunited. To improve the accuracy of calculating the ultimate strength of hull girder (HGUS), many studies have been carried out by adding variables in the determination of HGUS, such as corrosion, non-uniform uniaxial thrust, and initial imperfection effect at each structure member.