Seismic stereometry: an alternative two-station algorithm to seismic interferometry for analysing car-generated seismic signals

SUMMARY Human activities generate seismic waves, which have been traditionally analysed by seismic interferometry. However, this processing technique often neglects the seismic source distribution and is prone to introducing biases in interpretations. This study proposes an alternative processing technique known as seismic stereometry to analyse seismic signals generated by cars. The proposed algorithm exploits the highly coherent wavefields recorded by dense seismic arrays and directly measures the seismic wave traveltime differences between sensors. By doing so, it intrinsically considers the seismic source distribution. Traveltime differences can be used to invert the positions of vehicles and the near-surface velocity structures. We demonstrate the analysis using a dense seismic array deployed atop a southern San Andreas Fault segment and invert the shallow S-wave velocity using seismic waves generated by only one car. The velocity inversion result reveals a clear contrast across the fault, consistent with previous studies. The developed technique, combined with the distributed acoustic sensing technology, has great potential for applications in the urban environment.