Mechanisms involved in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation of muscle function in human and dog bladders

Roles of redox signaling in bladder function is still under investigation. We explored the physiological role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) in regulating bladder function in humans and dogs. Mucosa-denuded bladder smooth muscle strips obtained from 7 human organ donors and 4 normal dogs were mounted in muscle baths, and trains of electrical field stimulation (EFS) applied for 20 minutes at 90-second intervals. Subsets of strips were incubated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), angiotensin II (Ang II; Nox activator), apocynin (inhibitor of Noxs and ROS scavenger), or ZD7155 (specific inhibitor of angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor) for 20 minutes in continued EFS trains. Subsets treated with inhibitors were then treated with H2O2 or Ang II. In human and dog bladders, the ROS, H2O2 (100μM), caused contractions and enhanced EFS-induced contractions. Apocynin (100μM) attenuated EFS-induced strip contractions in both species; subsequent treatment with H2O2 restored strip activity. In human bladders, Ang II (1μM) did not enhance EFS-induced contractions yet caused direct strip contractions. In dog bladders, Ang II enhanced both EFS-induced and direct contractions. Ang II also partially restored EFS-induced contractions attenuated by prior apocynin treatment. In both species, treatment with ZD7155 (10μM) inhibited EFS-induced activity; subsequent treatment with Ang II did not restore strip activity. Collectively, these data provide evidence that ROS can modulate bladder function without exogenous stimuli. Since inflammation is associated with oxidative damage, the effects of Ang II on bladder smooth muscle function may have pathologic implications.