Thermal magnetic analysis on iron ores and banded iron formations (BIFs) in the Hamersley Province: Implications of origins of magnetic minerals and iron ores

The genesis models of the iron-ores hosted in banded iron formations (BIFs) in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia have been debated since the iron-ore deposits were discovered in the 1960s. The existing models considered the few physicochemical conditions for the iron-ore enrichment from BIFs. This study incorporates the latest research outcomes in conversions among the major magnetic minerals under different physicochemical conditions with the thermal magnetic analysis for BIFs and iron-ores collected from the Hamersley Province to fill the gap in knowledge highlighted by existing studies of the iron ores and BIFs. The results indicate that the high-grade hematite ores might have been undergone a physicochemical process under hydrothermal conditions between 120 ℃ and 220 ℃ during the major stage of enrichment from the original BIFs in the Brockman Iron Formation. Such physicochemical conditions would require either that the BIF units were buried 4000–5000 m underground with tilted broad channels formed by large-scale deformation in the region that facilitates hydrothermal reactions and leaching by the fluids flowing down deep to 4000–5000 m, somehow similar to the deep-seated supergene model proposed in previous works, or that the BIF units were still buried but the hydrothermal fluids coming up from deeper sources spread widely over the broad channels to ensure the high-grade hematite ores are consistently uniform over the entire deposit. The large-scale martite-goethite deposits in the Marra Mamba Iron Formation might be derived from multiple supergene phases from hematite-martite ores below 100 ℃ in the natural process of oxidization near surface, somewhat similar to the existing model for the channel iron deposits. Magnetite contained within current BIFs and iron ores was least likely derived from primary hematite in BIFs.