ELF-VLF radio wave propagation : proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Spåtind, Norway, April 17-27, 1974

I: Properties of the Lower Ionosphere.- The Photochemistry of the Mesosphere.- Ionizing Radiation Affecting the Lower Ionosphere.- Lower Ionosphere Ion Chemistry.- Coupling between the Neutral and the Ionized Atmosphere.- II: VLF Propagation Theory.- FORTRAN Program for Obtaining Wavefields of Penetrating, Nonpenetrating, and Whistler Modes of Radio Waves in the Ionosphere.- Intermode Coupling Processes in the Ionosphere in the Frequency Range 0.1 Hz to 300 kHz.- The Coalescence of Coupling Points and 'Cross- Over' for Ion Cyclotron Whistlers.- Theory of Energy Flux and Polarisation Changes of a Radio Wave with two Magnetoionic Components Undergoing Self Demodulation in the Ionosphere.- A Numerical Method for the Integration of the Equations Governing the Propagation of E.M. Waves in a Plane Stratified Magnetoionic Medium.- The Effect of Ground Conductivity on VLF Propagation.- Theory of the Terrestrial Propagation of VLF Electromagnetic Waves.- III: VLF Waves as a Diagnostic Tool Ionospheric Variations and their Influence on the Propagation.- The Use of VLF Propagation Results in Ionospheric Modelling.- The Application of Inversion Techniques to Determine the Accuracy and Resolution of Electron Density Profiles Derived from VLF Propagation Data.- Irregular Variations in the High Latitude Ionosphere and their Effects on Propagation.- VLF Phase Perturbations Associated with Geomagnetic Activity.- Determination of D-Region Electron Loss Rates and Electron Density Profiles from VLF Measurements during Solar Flare X-Ray Events.- The Polarization of VLF Radiowaves Reflected from the Ionosphere.- The Measurement of Electron Density below to km Report on a Discussion Session.- IV: Propagation of ELF Waves in the Earth-Ionosphere Duct Theory and Experiments.- ELF Propagation Theory.- Multimode Propagation in the Earth- Ionosphere Waveguide.- ELF Noise Measurements.- The Measurement of the E.L.F. Horizontal Electric Field Component of the Background Noise in the Sea.- Study of Typical Night Time Atmospheric Waveforms Observed at Poitiers (France).- Sanguine.- ELF Propagation Irregularities on Northern and Mid-Latitude Paths.- A Possible Explanation of the Nighttime Variations of ELF Signal Strengths in Connecticut.- Preliminary Discussion of ELF and VLF Propagation Data.- The Ionospheric Reflection-Level and Leakage-Rate for the Earth-Ionosphere Transmission-Line at ELF.- Some Results of Observations of IPDP- Type Pulsations at the Soviet Observatories.- V: Magnetospheric Propagation.- Ray Tracing.- Multipath Doppler Shifts in Man-Made VLF Signals.- Whistlers and Discrete ELF/VLF Emissions.- Controlled VLF Experiments.- Propagation Effects Observed in ELF/VLF Signals in the Ionosphere.- Transmission of ELF Pulses to the GEOS Satellite.- Some Spectral Peculiarities of ELF-VLF- Emissions at Subauroral Ground Stations.- VI: Application of ELF-VLF Waves.- ELF-VLF Applications in Navigation and Communications.- Timing Systems.- The Use of Propagation Data in Earth Resource Studies.- Transportable VLF Transmitter.- On-Line Scanning of VLF Transmitter.- Participants.