An efficient method for high molecular weight bacterial DNA extraction suitable for shotgun metagenomics from skin swabs

Abstract The human skin microbiome represents a variety of complex microbial ecosystems that play a key role in host health. Molecular methods to study these communities have been developed but have been largely limited to low-throughput quantification and short amplicon sequencing, providing limited functional information about the communities present. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing has emerged as a preferred method for microbiome studies as it provides more comprehensive information about the species/strains present in a niche and the genes they encode. However, the relatively low bacterial biomass of skin, in comparison to other areas such as the gut microbiome, makes obtaining sufficient DNA for shotgun metagenomic sequencing challenging. Here we describe an optimised high-throughput method for extraction of high molecular weight DNA suitable for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We validated the performance of the extraction method, and analysis pipeline on skin swabs collected from both adults and babies. The pipeline effectively characterised the bacterial skin microbiota with a cost and throughput suitable for larger longitudinal sets of samples. Application of this method will allow greater insights into community compositions and functional capabilities of the skin microbiome. Impact Statement Determining the functional capabilities of microbial communities within different human microbiomes is important to understand their impacts on health. Extraction of sufficient DNA is challenging, especially from low biomass samples, such as skin swabs suitable for shotgun metagenomics, which is needed for taxonomic resolution and functional information. Here we describe an optimised DNA extraction method that produces enough DNA from skin swabs, suitable for shotgun metagenomics, and demonstrate it can be used to effectively characterise the skin microbiota. This method will allow future studies to identify taxonomic and functional changes in the skin microbiota which is needed to develop interventions to improve and maintain skin health. Data Summary All sequence data and codes can be accessed at: NCBI Bio Project ID: PRJNA937622 DOI: https://github.com/quadram-institute-bioscience/coronahit_guppy DOI: https://github.com/ilianaserghiou/Serghiou-et-al.-2023-Codes