On Reproduction, Budding and Spatial Orientation of Autozooids in Colonies of Fossil and Recent Marine Bryozoans

Abstract The appearance of new colonies in fossil and Recent bryozoans of the classes Stenolaemata and Eurystomata is connected with both sexual and vegetative reproduction, and their growth and formation proceed through budding of zooids. The modes of budding are determined by the relative position of autozooids in the colony; they are similar in bryozoans of both classes, but more diverse in Eurystomata. The spatial orientation of autozooids and the location of their apertures on the surface of the colonies determine both the efficient operation of lophophores and the trophic structuring of bryozoan colonies.