Forgotten forbs: Standard vegetation surveys underrepresent ecologically and culturally important forbs in a threatened grassland ecosystem

Abstract Forbs are a culturally and ecologically important yet poorly studied component of the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass (PNB) ecosystem of western North America. Because many PNB forbs emerge early in the spring and senesce at the onset of summer, typical vegetation surveys, which occur mid‐summer, likely underrepresent forbs. We evaluated how the timing of vegetation sampling affected estimates of perennial forb abundance, richness, and floral density, with a focus on species that are culturally significant to Indigenous people of the region. We sampled 29 plots three times: mid‐summer (July), as well as 7 (May) and 12 (April) weeks prior. Timing had large effects on estimates, with significant declines in forb richness (42%), cover (80%), and floral density (95%) between April and July. The density of Camassia quamash and Lomatium cous , two culturally important species, declined 91% and 96%, respectively, from April to July. Nearly 65% of forbs had documented uses by Plateau Tribes. The consequences of biased estimates are significant and (1) limit our understanding of fundamental ecological processes and interactions; (2) hinder effective conservation and management because we lack information on forb abundance, status, and trends, and (3) result in disproportionately negative impacts to Indigenous communities as many forbs are important for subsistence and ceremonial purposes. Vegetation sampling during the spring months coincident with peak forb abundance, in addition to summer sampling would provide more appropriate data with which to evaluate and characterize PNB vegetation dynamics and improve our understanding, management, and conservation of native forbs.