Prediction of homogeneous isotropic turbulence modulation by small and heavy particles

In this Letter, we propose a predictive model for the modification of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and dissipation rate in isotropic turbulence due to the addition of small and heavy particles. The development of such a model is important for understanding the factors that influence particle–turbulence interactions. Turbulence statistics in the pre-unladen state and physical properties of the particles are input parameters. The model is validated using previous experimental studies conducted under various conditions, and the modification trends of TKE and dissipation rate are predicted fairly well. The effect of the model coefficients on the accuracy of the results is discussed, and it is expected that subsequent experimental studies can improve the model by providing additional guidance for these coefficients.