A cross‐sectional study comparing men who have sex with men and inject drugs and people who inject drugs who are men and have sex with men in San Francisco: Implications for HIV and hepatitis C virus prevention

People who inject drugs (PWID) and men who have sex with men (MSM) carry a high burden of HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) and represent key populations for eliminating these viral infections.1,2 Previous studies illustrated that MSM who inject drugs (MSM-IDU) and male PWID who engage in sex with other men (PWID-MSM) have greater injecting or sexual risk behaviors and HCV and HIV prevalence than other MSM and PWID, respectively.[3][4][5][6] However, it remains unclear how MSM-IDU and PWID-MSM compare to each other.People with dual risk behaviors are typically omitted from HIV/ HCV programs and elimination plans or treated as a single generic risk category, with most interventions being geared towards either PWID or MSM.1,2 Our aim was to characterize similarities and differences between MSM-IDU (i.e., men reached through affiliation with MSM) and PWID-MSM (i.e., men reached through affiliation with PWID) in San Francisco by comparing sociodemographic, drug use and sexual risk behaviors, and service access.We also compared the characteristics of MSM-IDU to MSM non-IDU and Health Sci.Rep wileyonlinelibrary.