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Sleep disorders

Hiroshi Shibasaki, Mark Hallett

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Abstract

Sleep disorders are an important topic of clinical neurology because they are much more common than thought, and they may be the result of functional or organic brain disorders. Based on the electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral characteristics, as studied by polysomnography, sleep is divided into two stages: rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) and non-REM sleep (NREM sleep, slow-wave sleep). NREM sleep is further divided into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, corresponding to NREM stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 plus 4 of the Rechtschaffen and Kales classification, respectively. In the REM stage, the EEG is similar to the waking EEG, but it is characterized by the occurrence of rapid eye movements and a decrease or loss of muscle discharge in the jaw muscles. The subject usually dreams during REM sleep. The mechanism of sleep stages has been extensively investigated physiologically as well as pharmacologically.

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What this paper is about

Sleep disorders are an important topic of clinical neurology because they are much more common than thought, and they may be the result of functional or organic brain disorders. Based on the electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral characteristics, as studied by polysomnography, sleep is divided into two stages: rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) and non-REM sleep (NREM sleep, slow-wave sleep). NREM sleep is further divided into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, corresponding to NREM stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 plus 4 of the Rechtschaffen and Kales classification, respectively. In the REM stage, the EEG is similar to the waking EEG, but it is characterized by the occurrence of rapid eye movements and a decrease or loss of muscle discharge in the jaw muscles. The subject usually dreams during REM sleep. The mechanism of sleep stages has been extensively investigated physiologically as well as pharmacologically.

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Available abstract

Sleep disorders are an important topic of clinical neurology because they are much more common than thought, and they may be the result of functional or organic brain disorders. Based on the electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral characteristics, as studied by polysomnography, sleep is divided into two stages: rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) and non-REM sleep (NREM sleep, slow-wave sleep). NREM sleep is further divided into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, corresponding to NREM stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 plus 4 of the Rechtschaffen and Kales classification, respectively. In the REM stage, the EEG is similar to the waking EEG, but it is characterized by the occurrence of rapid eye movements and a decrease or loss of muscle discharge in the jaw muscles. The subject usually dreams during REM sleep. The mechanism of sleep stages has been extensively investigated physiologically as well as pharmacologically.

Key concepts: Non-rapid eye movement sleep, K-complex, Polysomnography, Sleep (system call), Sleep spindle, Slow-wave sleep, Electroencephalography, Eye movement

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