Inclusion or Exclusion?

Inclusion and exclusion represent the two sides of citizenship’s membership coin. Whereas much of the literature on citizenship has traditionally focused on its inclusionary face, more radical contemporary writings tend to portray citizenship as a force for exclusion. This and the next chapter examine the exclusionary tensions inherent in the concept of citizenship and how they operate at different levels to create non- or partial citizens. These non- or partial citizens can be characterised as ‘those who are excluded from without’ and ‘those who are excluded from within’ specific citizenship communities or nation-states (Yeatman, 1994, p. 80). The former are the subject of this chapter; the latter of Chapter 3. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.