2020•Environmental ChemistryRequires access
Biosphere
Muhammad Asif Hanif, Farwa Nadeem, Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti, Hafiz Muhammad Tauqeer
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Abstract
Biosphere is a self-regulatory enclosed system apart from cosmic and solar radiations. The origin of the biosphere is expected to follow the concept of abiogenesis or biopoesis. The hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere are three basic components of the biosphere, among which the hydrosphere includes ponds, lakes and oceans covering almost 73% of the earth's surface as water is the major and essential inorganic nutrient for all types of living organisms. The anthrosphere, a fifth environmental sphere in addition to biosphere, geosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere, basically tries to maintain an intelligent effort in order to enhance the quality of the environment. Industrial ecology is based on the ecological principles and engineering systems to integrate consumption and production aspects of design, manufacturing, utilization and decommissioning of final product along with various services to minimize the environmental impacts by optimizing resource utilization and capital energy.