The health risk posed by occupational solar ultraviolet radiation exposure to outdoor farm workers on a farm in the Limpopo Province of South Africa

Results: 124 insecticides and fumigants accounted for 25,913,580 kg (70.2%) of the total 36,921,209 kg of AIs applied.AIs with multisite activity (insecticide-fumigants, inorganic sulfur, arsenic salts, and others) accounted for 42.3% of total insecticide use.Mechanical asphyxiants (dusts and oils) accounted for 35.0%, ChE inhibitors for 14.6%, GABA gated chloride channel antagonists (cyclodiene organochlorines) for 4.70%; mitochondrial enzyme inhibitors for 1.3%; sodium channel modulators (DDT-like organchlorines, pyrethrins, pyrethroids for 1.3%, and desiccant AIs for 0.7%.Based upon 2016 kgs reported to the PURsystem, the most important MOAs included multi-site activity compounds (46.8%); mechanical asphyxiants (44.5%), post-synaptic ChE receptor agonists (2.9%), ChE inhibitors (2.0%) and insect behavior modifiers (0.51 % ).New MOAs with low applicCation rates ranked high in terms of the % of treated acres: neonicotinoid post-synaptic ChE receptor agonists (7.7%), ecdysone receptor agonists (2.8%), tetronic acid lipid synthesis inhibitors (3.3%), and ryanodine receptor modulators (2.3%).A review of illness outbreaks showed large number of episodes associated with multi-site activity and ChE-inhibitor AIs and few with more selective MOAs (typified by ryanodine receptor AIs).Conclusion: Selective MOAs show promise in limiting secondary effects of pesticides 535 The health risk posed by occupational solar ultraviolet radiation exposure to outdoor farm workers on a farm in the Limpopo Province of South Africa