Solar Energetic Particles and Trapped Radiation in the Near-Earth Space: Space Experiments and Modelling

Abstract Among the factors of space weather, one of the most dangerous phenomena is radiation. Radiation in space exists due to the presence of charged particles of different nature and creates problems for the ‘‘vitality’’ of not only the spacecraft, but also of humans. The main radiation threats are solar and galactic cosmic rays, fluxes of precipitating magnetospheric particles and trapped particles of the Earth’s radiation belts. They are as dangerous as other natural disasters: earthquakes, tsunamis, floods. Solar and geomagnetic activity, which determine space weather, can cause drastic changes in physical conditions in geospace, which affect technological systems located both in space and in polar regions on the surface of the Earth. To prevent emergencies associated with cosmic factors, it is necessary to constantly monitor the solar activity and the state of the space environment.