Влияние предшественников озимой ржи на урожайность, показатели почвенного плодородия и экономическую эффективность

Results of researches on studying of field crop rotations in long stationary experience are presented in the article. The purpose of researches — to reveal influence of various fallows (clear, borrowed and green manure) on productivity of a winter rye, efficiency of parts of a crop rotation, stabilization of soil fertility, and to reveal economically effective parts of a crop rotation. In crop rotations with high saturation by grain crops (1982...1987) the best predecessors for a winter rye were clover of the first and second years of use, and vetch-oat fallow. Saturation of crop rotations by grain crops up to 66 and 83% reduced productivity of a winter rye by 0.16...0.19 t/ha. During period of biologization of agriculture (1988...1993) clover of the second year of using remained the best predecessor. Under meteorologically adverse conditions productivity of a winter rye raised on 1.7 t/ha on green manure vetch-oat fallow. Under conditions of adaptive landscape agriculture (1996...2001) at entering of low dozes of fertilizers (NPK)30 productivity of a winter rye has made 3.54...4.67 t/ha without essential distinctions on predecessors. In eight-field crop rotation (2002.2009) productivity raised on the borrowed fallows (a mix with white mustard and red clover for green manure) by 0.87...1.37 t/ha. Efficiency of crop rotations due to green manure and borrowed fallows raised by 15.8...35.6%. At saturation of crop rotations by grain crops up to 83.4% the humus balance was negative. At introduction of borrowed and green manure fallows at ploughing up to 30 t/ha of green mass the humus balance became positive. The increase of the humus content in a winter rye fields for 8 years of rotation has made 0.31...0.60 t/ha in dependence of exact predecessor. The greatest profitability of production was in crop rotations with green manure fallows (107.3...111.4%). For increase of efficiency of crop rotations and preservation of soil fertility the wide introduction of crop rotations with borrowed and green manure fallows with legumes and crucifers crops is necessary.