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2021•IFAC-PapersOnLineOpen access

Electrode Configuration with Howland Current Source and Demodulator for Electrical Impedance Tomography

Hossein Nasiri, Rafael Benetti, Rogerio Yugo Takimoto, André C.M. Cavalheiro, Guilherme C. Duran, Thiago Castro Martins, Marcos de Sales Guerra Tsuzuki

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Abstract

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) uses boundary voltage measurements due to multiple injection current patterns to reconstruct cross-sectional impedance images. Usually, the hardware does not provide any capacitive information and the reconstructed image is only based on conductivity. An approach where each electrode has its own Howland current source is a powerful and innovative architecture in which different current injections can be implemented. However, the potential source of error increases with this new architecture when compared with conventional architectures. This paper enumerates some of the potential errors considering the main modules of the electrode: 1. Howland current source; 2. ADC and DAC converters; and 3. The demodulator. A methodology for verifying ADC and DAC precision and linearity is proposed.

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What this paper is about

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) uses boundary voltage measurements due to multiple injection current patterns to reconstruct cross-sectional impedance images. Usually, the hardware does not provide any capacitive information and the reconstructed image is only based on conductivity. An approach where each electrode has its own Howland current source is a powerful and innovative architecture in which different current injections can be implemented. However, the potential source of error increases with this new architecture when compared with conventional architectures. This paper enumerates some of the potential errors considering the main modules of the electrode: 1. Howland current source; 2. ADC and DAC converters; and 3. The demodulator. A methodology for verifying ADC and DAC precision and linearity is proposed.

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Available abstract

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) uses boundary voltage measurements due to multiple injection current patterns to reconstruct cross-sectional impedance images. Usually, the hardware does not provide any capacitive information and the reconstructed image is only based on conductivity. An approach where each electrode has its own Howland current source is a powerful and innovative architecture in which different current injections can be implemented. However, the potential source of error increases with this new architecture when compared with conventional architectures. This paper enumerates some of the potential errors considering the main modules of the electrode: 1. Howland current source; 2. ADC and DAC converters; and 3. The demodulator. A methodology for verifying ADC and DAC precision and linearity is proposed.

Key concepts: Electrical impedance tomography, Current source, Electrical impedance, Voltage source, Demodulation, Current (fluid), Voltage, Computer science

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